List Of Objectives

1.understand overall body homeostasis with specific regard given to the effects of aging and stress on each system.

2.apply critical and integrated thinking skills

3.solve for unknowns by manipulating variables

4.differentiate the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.
5.Explain why the hypothalamus is classified as an endocrine gland.

6.use written and oral communication skills to explain scientific concepts

7.analyze factors that can affect cellular activities

8.demonstrate correct care and safe use of instruments, equipment, and living organisms

9.compare and contrast bond types.

10.identify classes of hormones.

11.understand structure and  function of the  endocrine system in relation to growth and homeostasis.
12.name hypothalamus- pituitary complex hormones and give their functions.

13.name hormones of the gonads and give their functions.

14.Describe the location, histology, hormones and functions of the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands,the adrenal glands,the pancreas, the ovaries, the testes,the pineal gland and the thymus.

15.discuss how the adrenal gland responds to stress.

16.outline the path of blood flow through the chambers of the heart and through the systemic and pulmonary circulations.

17.list and describe the functions of blood                                   18.List the principal physical characteristics of blood                    19.Describe the principal components of blood                           20.describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of erythrocytes and leukocytes.

21.explain ABO blood types and their importance in blood transfusion.
22.understand the blood clotting process.

23.identify major vessels entering and leaving the  heart.
24.describe the structures of the heart

25.recall physiology of heart and blood vessels

26.review the cardiac cycle as it relates to the electrical conducting system.

27.listen to heart sounds.

28.explain the meaning of an electrocardiogram and its diagnostic importance.

29.compare the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
30.understand how heart valves ensure one-way  blood flow during systole and  diastole.

31.locate major arteries branching off the aorta and regions of the body they supply blood to.

32.identify the major veins draining into the superior and inferior vena cavae.

33.describe the role of skeletal muscle contractions and venous valves in returning blood to the heart.

34.discuss the components and  functions of the  lymphatic  and immune system.

35.describe the formation and flow of lymph

36.recognize pathogen types and outline how the body protects itself.

37.compare the structure and functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.

38.relate edema and lymph flow

39.explain why development  of self-tolerance is important.

40.describe cellular and non-cellular immunity.

41.summarize development and maturation of  B- and T-  lymphocytes.

42.distinguish non-specific, innate or natural immunity  from specific or acquired immunity.

43.describe the anatomy and histology of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

44.locate and identify the functions of each respiratory system structure.

45.characterize the neuronal network that controls respiration.

46.relate breathing to cellular respiration

47.decide how arterial carbon dioxide concentrations affect ventilation.

48.delineate the role of muscles and lung elasticity in inhalation and exhalation.

49.contrast inspiration and exhalation.

50.demonstrate spirometer use and examine spirogram data

51.Describe kidney function

52.detail the kidney involvement in blood pressure and blood volume regulation

53.define Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Boyles gas Law and relate both to respiratory physiology.

54.address how erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production.

55.trace the path of blood flow through the kidneys.

56.examine differences in metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.

57.justify the role of lacteals in transporting  products of digestion

58.relate structure and function of the endocrine system to digestion.

59.appreciate the microscopic anatomy of the liver.

60.describe enzymatic and bicarbonate content of pancreatic juices.

61.state the chemical forms in which the major food classes are absorbed.

62.describe external and internal gross renal system anatomy

63.Describe the structure and function of renal corpuscles and renal tubules

64.discuss how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported

65.state the importance of  juxtaglomerular  cells in  secretion of renin.

66.identify the three basic tasks performed by nephrons and collecting ducts, and indicate where each task occurs.

67.contrast volume and electrolyte content  in inter- and  extracellular fluid compartments.

68.recognize how chemical  buffers interact to protect the body  against lethal  changes of pH
69.assess how water excess and dehydration affect kidney function
70.recognize how the lungs and kidneys interact to protect the body against lethal changes of pH

71.explore how spermatozoa move through the female reproductive tract.

72.evaluate fertilization in terms of evolutionary fitness.

73.compare and contrast  oogenesis and  spermatogenesis.

74.distinguish between diploid germ cells and  haploid sex cells.

75.explain what happens during follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstural cycle.

76.differentiate between zygote, morula, and blastocyst.

77.recognize that a blastocyst secretes human  gonadotropin, which  prolongs the life of the corpus luetum.

78.distinguish among the different parts (gross and histological) of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function.

79.locate the structures of the male and female reproductive systems.