Objective 60: Urinary System

She's Back I just love these videos.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7m5IyzQzAM&feature=related

Introduction

Well I'm learning!!!! Things from Bio 100 are finally clicking and starting to make sense. I have a wonderful lab group, we have been together since Bio 100. They help me out alot; we always come up with some weird way to help us learn and remember all of this information being crammed into our heads. So be prepared for some strange things.

List Of Objectives

1.understand overall body homeostasis with specific regard given to the effects of aging and stress on each system.

2.apply critical and integrated thinking skills

3.solve for unknowns by manipulating variables

4.differentiate the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.
5.Explain why the hypothalamus is classified as an endocrine gland.

6.use written and oral communication skills to explain scientific concepts

7.analyze factors that can affect cellular activities

8.demonstrate correct care and safe use of instruments, equipment, and living organisms

9.compare and contrast bond types.

10.identify classes of hormones.

11.understand structure and  function of the  endocrine system in relation to growth and homeostasis.
12.name hypothalamus- pituitary complex hormones and give their functions.

13.name hormones of the gonads and give their functions.

14.Describe the location, histology, hormones and functions of the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands,the adrenal glands,the pancreas, the ovaries, the testes,the pineal gland and the thymus.

15.discuss how the adrenal gland responds to stress.

16.outline the path of blood flow through the chambers of the heart and through the systemic and pulmonary circulations.

17.list and describe the functions of blood                                   18.List the principal physical characteristics of blood                    19.Describe the principal components of blood                           20.describe the structure, functions, life cycle and production of erythrocytes and leukocytes.

21.explain ABO blood types and their importance in blood transfusion.
22.understand the blood clotting process.

23.identify major vessels entering and leaving the  heart.
24.describe the structures of the heart

25.recall physiology of heart and blood vessels

26.review the cardiac cycle as it relates to the electrical conducting system.

27.listen to heart sounds.

28.explain the meaning of an electrocardiogram and its diagnostic importance.

29.compare the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
30.understand how heart valves ensure one-way  blood flow during systole and  diastole.

31.locate major arteries branching off the aorta and regions of the body they supply blood to.

32.identify the major veins draining into the superior and inferior vena cavae.

33.describe the role of skeletal muscle contractions and venous valves in returning blood to the heart.

34.discuss the components and  functions of the  lymphatic  and immune system.

35.describe the formation and flow of lymph

36.recognize pathogen types and outline how the body protects itself.

37.compare the structure and functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.

38.relate edema and lymph flow

39.explain why development  of self-tolerance is important.

40.describe cellular and non-cellular immunity.

41.summarize development and maturation of  B- and T-  lymphocytes.

42.distinguish non-specific, innate or natural immunity  from specific or acquired immunity.

43.describe the anatomy and histology of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

44.locate and identify the functions of each respiratory system structure.

45.characterize the neuronal network that controls respiration.

46.relate breathing to cellular respiration

47.decide how arterial carbon dioxide concentrations affect ventilation.

48.delineate the role of muscles and lung elasticity in inhalation and exhalation.

49.contrast inspiration and exhalation.

50.demonstrate spirometer use and examine spirogram data

51.Describe kidney function

52.detail the kidney involvement in blood pressure and blood volume regulation

53.define Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Boyles gas Law and relate both to respiratory physiology.

54.address how erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production.

55.trace the path of blood flow through the kidneys.

56.examine differences in metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.

57.justify the role of lacteals in transporting  products of digestion

58.relate structure and function of the endocrine system to digestion.

59.appreciate the microscopic anatomy of the liver.

60.describe enzymatic and bicarbonate content of pancreatic juices.

61.state the chemical forms in which the major food classes are absorbed.

62.describe external and internal gross renal system anatomy

63.Describe the structure and function of renal corpuscles and renal tubules

64.discuss how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported

65.state the importance of  juxtaglomerular  cells in  secretion of renin.

66.identify the three basic tasks performed by nephrons and collecting ducts, and indicate where each task occurs.

67.contrast volume and electrolyte content  in inter- and  extracellular fluid compartments.

68.recognize how chemical  buffers interact to protect the body  against lethal  changes of pH
69.assess how water excess and dehydration affect kidney function
70.recognize how the lungs and kidneys interact to protect the body against lethal changes of pH

71.explore how spermatozoa move through the female reproductive tract.

72.evaluate fertilization in terms of evolutionary fitness.

73.compare and contrast  oogenesis and  spermatogenesis.

74.distinguish between diploid germ cells and  haploid sex cells.

75.explain what happens during follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstural cycle.

76.differentiate between zygote, morula, and blastocyst.

77.recognize that a blastocyst secretes human  gonadotropin, which  prolongs the life of the corpus luetum.

78.distinguish among the different parts (gross and histological) of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function.

79.locate the structures of the male and female reproductive systems.

Objective 2: Pimples

One day in class during lecture Mrs. Gess was talking about blood and how the white blood cells help in defending our body against infection. Well as we were talking she said something about the macrophages, well macrophages when they die turn into pus. Now every time I see a pimple I think about popping it to see the dead macrophages.

objective 2: Centrifuge

The other night my mom and I were watching House and the girl doctor was using a centrifuge machine to test one of the patients blood. it was soo coll because I asked mom if she knew what that was and ofcourse my mom didn't know what it was, so I was able to tell her what it does- that its used to separate the different components of blood so you can see what is in the blood. I just thought that was so cool, plus she thinks im smart now, lol.

Objective 2: Everywhere I Go I See Anatomy & Physiology

In class Mrs.Gess  always seems to be  going back to the topic of sludgy blood. Every system can contribute to sludgy blood. All the term slugdy blood refers to is just that, our blood is thick and sludgy. When things dont make it out of our system and stay and get caught up in our blood our blood becomes sludgy. And hello, sludgy blood isn't good for our bodies. The sludgier our blood becomes, the hard it is for it to travel through our vessels, therefor increaseing our blood pressure, and no needs to have high blood pressure. There are many different things that can cause our blood to become sludgy: antigens aka bad guys, too much oxygen or carbon dioxide, differnet waste materials, and even too much water in our blood.

Objective 3

At first I didn't really like the Physio ex. assignments, I just thought they were dumb and time consuming. However, after Valerie started asking me questions I was able to answer correctly, not because I remembered from lecture but because I had just saw the results of different hormones on my Physio ex the night before. She was asking me about estrogen  and how it relates to the follicle stimulating hormone. I remember reading in the lab book in the Physio ex. portion about how the FSH is what stimulates the production of estrogen.

This is Mrs. Gess showing up precipitation. It's hard to believe even for her but you can break the bonds of water and create a solid. The precipitants are the "damdruff flake" floating around in the bottom of the tube. Sssooooooooooooo cool!!!!!!

Objective 8: Safety

In Anatomy our group always tries to follow all the safety precautions while we are in the lab. Here are a few pictures that help demonstrate how you're supposed to handle thing in the lab.



Before and after lab we always clean our table with a 10% bleach solution,because you never know if the people before you cleaned the table whenever they left and we don't know what they may have used the table for. We clean it after lab even if we haven't disected anything or used any chemicals.

We always wear our goggles and lab coats when we are disecting anything. The hat was jus extra that night.

We always place the microoscope back in the bags, and place the back in the cabinets where we got them from.

Objective 9: ok now I think I understand these bonds a little bit better

I loved the illustration Mrs.Gess did in class with Ashley and Mike.
#1 Rule. Greedy,Grabby, Gassy=boys
Mike represented oxygen, Ashley and Mrs.Gess represented Hydrogen
Mike wanted their electrons but they were like yeah right whatever we're not giving them up so Mike tried to take them anyways but they never let go, so that shows that water forms a polar covalent bond.
Polar=pulls
Covalent=sharing
Hydrogen=giving
Oxygen=give me, give me, give me
This concept just now clicked after the illustration in  class and after Val further explained it to me. I see now after lecture why this type of bond is so important in water.



Objective 12: Hormones and Functions of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex

How I remember what it does- posterior kind of sounds like postage and the  posterior pituitary gland is used for storage. This is just a quirky way that i remember what the posterior pituitary gland's function is.

The anterior pituitary gland has about 6 different hormones:

Growth Hormone-too much of this hormone can cause gigantism in children and adults, on the flip side too little of this hormone can cause dwarfism in children. It effects the liver, muscles, bones, cartilage, and other different tissues.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormones- too little in the body can cause hypothyroidism, in adults extreme hypothyrpoidism is called cretinism and in adults it is called myxedema. Too much of this hormone can cause Hyperthyroidism.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone- its job is to signal the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens. It is very rare to not have enough of this hormone, however having too much can lead to Cushing's disease. 

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone- it's job is to tell the ovaries and testies to start producing estrogen and sperm. Unfortunately if we dont have enough of this hormone we will be unable to have children, but having too isn't gonna be a bad.

Luteinizing Hormone-  also helps with the production of estrogen in females, but also with  triggers ovulation in females as well, in male it tells the testies to start making progesterone and testosterone. It effects are the same as the above, too much is a good thing but too little can be devestating for some.

Prolactin-tells the secretory tissue of the breast to start lactation, an insuficiency can cause problems in nursing women, too much cause too much milk production (galactorrhea) and is "impotence in males".

 The Posterior Pituitary Gland has about 2 hormones:

Oxytocin- tells the uterus to contract, starts off the labor contractions, and starts off the spill of milk in the breast. The effect of having too much or too little is unknown,

Antidiuretic Hormone- tells kidney when to reabsorb good ole H2O, too little can cause deabetes insipidus, too much can cause "Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion"